Environmental Degradation Pollution

Environmental Degradation Pollution The global South has unquestionably been one of the regions that have experienced greater impact of environmental degradation. The former economic success in this area has resulted to environmental problem industrial waste pollution. As these countries get more involved in multilateral environmental agreement and voluntary agreement, the protection of the environment in the region has effectively become globalize in nature and has affected business and international trade. The introduction of the environmental management system standard is one of the prerequisite for business to enter into western market. This has been a greater challenge to this region due to their insufficient capital and the stern conditions attach to business. This paper looks at the impact of environmental degradation on global South in terms of how environment degradation affects human security, clean water, human health, social relation, and the freedom of choice and action. This research paper also provides r ecommendation that be adapted by the both developing and developed countries in controlling the adverse effects of the environment degradation. Introduction Since 1980s, the environmental matter as trade barriers between the North and the South countries has feature prominently in the world international forums Developing countries that struggles to improve their economies and attract more investors to enhance their economies is term as pollution haven. The word pollution haven as proposed by Zarsky (1997, 1999) is a claimed that the South have reduced and relaxed their environmental regulation to attract foreign investors. The southern countries which are endowed with lots of natural resources has long been staying under poverty and the only way to be out of this situation is opening up their economies and speed up industrialization development through the foreign investors. On the other hand, the North countries business feared that if the developing countries lower cost of operation through labour intensive and resources then they stand a chance to lose value or capture the market. The developed countries argued that they have more severe and effective regulations on environmental (Duchin et al., 1995, Xu, 2000) compare to the developing countres, but the World Trade Organization has pro tected the exported products from developing countries. The North claims that this is unfair business and they requested global environmental standard to form level playing field (Chudnovsky and Lopez 1999; Xu 2000). This claim however was seen as another form of trade barriers by the developing countres. The environmental problems such as climate change and ozone layer depletion is global issue rather than situated in a particular place. We see integration of the consequences of market and the failure of government in the change of global environmental. There is a lot divergence tendency due to disparate impacts across the locations in a manner of governance response. This disparate come from a greater vulnerability of developing countries and at the same time from the circumstantial factors. Even if the environmental impacts were equally distributed between the North and South countries, the developing countries could still suffer most in the virtue of the fact that they come from a lower economical base. The impacts of the environmental degradation the (IPCC (2001) observed are expected to be greater in south countries in terms of loss of life and relative effects on the investment and the economy in general. These disparate impacts are exacerbated by the disparities in the nature of the remedial actions. The willingness of the developed countries to the environmental improvement and for the goods and services whose production has resulted to environmental degradation, generally exceed that of the developing countries in terms of their ability to pay. Thus in the shadow of markets, the gain-cost analysis, that is, the benefits of producing the carbondioxide by driving automobiles in the North highways may outweigh the cost of drought in the South countries. This wealth-based theory is contrast to the call for equal entitlement to clean and safe environment (Boyce, 2002). In the real sense, efficiency is not the only criterion to social decisions that include the decisions to invest in the mitigation and adaptation to the global environmental degradation. The influence of politics also promotes actions on some importance matters and inaction on others. For example, the 1997 Montreal protocol on ozone depletion proposed a worldwide phase out of the use of chlofluorocarborns was rejected by America and Canada on the ground that the scientific evidence are uncertain and the treaty would impose heavy spending on the US economy. As the rate of the carbondioxide emitted to the environment continues to rise, the focus of the international has shifted from prevention to adaptation. This change increases probability of outcomes that varies across countries, showing differences in their ability to cater for measures required to adapt to climate degradation. The main issue in the international climate talks is the right of allocating the properties to the carbon absorptive capacity of the atmosphere. These relay both barrier and an opportunity to some countries. For instance the principles allocation stemmed from the historical emission levels which in the real sense been greatly contributed by the industrialized countries in the world in the North. This principle is not acceptable by the less developed countries that per capita emission is very little. Environmental degradation and Human Security The environmental degradation arise in the 29th century as the main issue of political controversy, its influence on the developing countries national security policy is however more recent. Environment degradation has been the focus in the developed countries especially United State but the idea of national security entered the public discourse reentry. The early research of the impact of environment degradation on human security is general and subjective in nature, it reveal the imaginable association between environmental change and the national or human security. However, the direction of association and the degree of linkage remains an issue of debate. There is also clear recommendation on how to translate this linkage into policy guidance on the environmental degradation. The environmental degradation is linked to their overall influence of the survival of human, well-being and productivity. Human being and social linkages has become the focus that is to be secured from the environment threat. The change in the environment can impose direct and immediate impact to the life humankind. For instance, the scarcity of water may not lead to conflict but still engender threats by causing the dehydration related disorders, reduction of the production of food, and disheartening the livelihood opportunities. The environmental degradation causes threat to human survival, well-being and dignity. The environmental degradation posses a variety of impacts that ranges from economic productivity to political wavering among others. The environmental degradation can also affects a diversity of issues ranging from families, communities, social organizations, various identity group, diasporas, government and biological species of various kinds. While some of the environme ntal threats are localized, others are extensive ands trans-scale in nature. Research shows that conflict can be driven by natural resource degradation and scarcity and by competing to be in charge of places where there are abundant resources. Some of the countries of concern are Afghanistan, Iraq, the great lake regions, Somalia among others. The connections between the environmental degradation and human security are vast and complex. The ecological impact of mass movement of refugees or warfare is an example mostly experienced in the developing countries. However, the environmental issues can be a major concerns for dialogue, non-military mechanisms for communication, and greater unified understanding. The research on the human security has mainly focus on the Southern world (poor countries) as the main victim and the scoundrel of the environmental threats. However, the attitudes of consumption of the North countries is main contributor to many human insecurity on the scarce and plenty resources in the Southern countries. The conflict over diamonds in Sierra Leone in 1990s, for example, was extensive because the markets for diamond in the developed countries were unaware to the origin of those diamonds. It is clear that the start of violent conflict has no hearty connection with the environmental threat. The environmental factors are rarely the single contributors of conflict, but ethnicity, ideology, and power politics are all directly linked. However, environmental degradation increases the magnitude and the period of conflict, that is, the attempts to develop strong empirical forecasts of conflict on the ground on the environmental threats have had a poor response of success because of the connection of social, economic and political factors that are involved. Environmental degradation and clean water Although most of the developing countries do not have enough industries to create considerable water pollution, smog and heavy concentrations of airborne particles are common incident in major cities of the less developed countries. There are few industries in the less developed countries as compared to the more developed countries and hence due to the small number of industries in the developing countries, they less often contribute to severe water problems. The more severe problems of water is cause by the trans-boundary pollution since the neighboring countries especially the developed countries, produces airborne pollution due to excess emission from their extensive industries. The northern and northwestern parts in Afghanistan for example received large amount of pollutants that come from the Aral sedimentary basin. Extensive industrializations in the developed countries here as we see pose detrimental impact to the less developed countries. It has been documented that the pesti cides originating from the developed countries finds their way to the neighboring developing countries through the air current or rainfall. The chemical weapons that were used for example during the war between the Afghanistan and the Soviets had caused a serious damage to the environment and the fragile ecosystem in general in the neighboring developing countries. The use of these chemicals weapons has polluted the soil in most of the area of the countries where this war occurred. It is worth noting that billions of people worldwide, the vast prevalence of who live in developing countries lack access to clean drinking water. Lack of providence to quality water has caused lots of forecaster of infant and child survival in various developing countries. Many incidences of parasitic and contagious disorders are carried in the organic water pollution, which are the by-products of the animals waste. The effects of pollution whether known or not are caused by usage of the pesticides. The organic pollutants used in the industry and in agricultural farms find there way into the human and the animals fatty tissue where they caused severe parasite related disorders in human and animals respectively. Export dependency has a negative influence on the quality of the domestic environment of the developing countries that include the quality of the drinking water in those countries. Thus, the association between the universal dependence and the water quality is interceded by several factors. The quality of water and health is very crucial and they are connected with other factors that are a function of international processes. Hebert, 1994 observed that virtually every physical quality of life including clean water mostly improved by the level of economic development of a country. The development of a country depends on its position in the world system. An important concept is how it organized its economy. The more lateral to the world economy the more likely the country is to depend on an agrarian economy. Environmental change can have a detrimental impact on peoples lives ands the changes may even transcend into the future to affects the lives of the cohort to come. Water as a resource here provides a good example of these various impacts and their multifaceted interaction. The research revealed that over 2 billions people resides in water stressed basins and are cross-country, multi- -subjects effects and multiple impacts. Environmental degradation and social relation The distribution of power related variables, like income, education, race and ethnicity are related to the environmental stresses. The societies, which comprise of people, illiterate people or come from the marginalized racial and social groups, will tend to have greater environmental threats than their friends whose residents are literate, wealthy, or belong to historical prevailing racial and ethnical groups. A research on this issue found that the inverse linked between the average incomes and the toxic harmful may occur from the market dynamics where the poor people are drawn to this location because of the properties of low values. A community with greater power dipatities has more environmental degradation. The disparity of power affects the strength and the duration of pollution and depletion of resources. This study were focused by the research suggesting that the environmental degradation related with income and that the developed countries have reached to an extend beyond which more income gains are linked with the improvement of the environments. The only way to attained conducive environment in most countries is by becoming rich (Beckerman, 1992). Torras and boyce (1998) investigate the impacts of social relation on the environmental quality. They analyzed the vitiations in air pollution in various countries, water pollution, and the percentage of the pollution in relation to access to clean water and sanitations facilities. Apart from the per capita income and the ration of income distribution, their research included adult literacy and political rights and the civil liberties concerning the distribution of power. In less developed countries, the coefficient on the rights and literacy variables revealed the expected signs in all system. The results found that higher literacy and the greater rights were linked conducive environmental quality. By controlling other variables, the calculate effects of income inequality were found to be incompatible. It was suggested that either rights or literacy incarcerate the most aspect of power disparities or the quality of the income distribution data is poor. The weaker results was however , found on the developed countries, indicating that literacy and rights are most significant especially when there are low average income. Other research has also shown that the political right can be vital factor to determine the outcomes of the environment. Scruggs (1998) observe greater rights of having a significant favorable effects on sulphure dioxide concentrations, weaker effects on particulates and adverse effects on the dissolve oxygen concentration. Further study concerning the impact of power disparities on the environmental quality which come from case study of the fifty United States by Boyce et al. (1999) shows that state with more equal distribution of power had well-built environmental policies which result to conducive environment. Rapid environment degradation has exerted lot of pressure on the economic sustainability of the less developed countries. This has resulted to the failure of these countries achieving their sustainable development as targeted. In Pakistan, for example about sixteen percent of the land mass is subject to salinisation from excessive water with the same problems as this occurring in most parts of Asia and African countries. Mismanagement of irrigation alone in Pakistan cost over $200 millions in a year in reduced yields. In India, pumping of groundwater has enabled intensification of agricultural products; however, there is a big dropped of water tables from approximately 10 metres to about 15 metres below the earth surface in the year 1970 to between 400 and 450 metres by 1990. Many areas in developing countries have wells and boreholes that have been left and the entire communities moved to other better areas (Roy Shah, 2002). Lack of environmental and pollution control has resulted to reduction in farming and disorders, which cause the decline in the economic growth in most regions of the developing countries. This is due to overspending of their little savings in the treatment of the patients suffering from pollution related diseases or purchase and imports of foods to filled the gap or feed the population. Such environmental degradation can have impacts on the social attitudes and may result to unrest by the affected communities. In 1990s, for example South Korea experienced over seventy anti-pollution unrest. China on the other hand has faced local protests due to rapid increase in pollution. Developing countries has experienced a reduction of natural resources over the past years because of liquidated consumption. The research reveals that if the gains from the natural resources are put in physical capital and human capital to promote growth, then there will be a continued progress to enhance the wellbeing. It is important to save the profits that are derived from a boom of natural resource such as rapid increase in oil price. If this is wisely saved then it might be a better opportunities in the future to invest such profits efficiently to physical or human capital hence reducing more pressure on the resource base. Environmental degradation and health risk Majority of the people in developing country are poor and are directly exposed to severe environmental health threat and hazards from polluted air, water and animal-transmitted disorders such as bird flu, anthrax and the rest. There have been many concerns over the environmental improvement for the last decades with about eighty percent of people from developing countries are now able to access clean drinking water. However, the access to sanitation by these poor people has remained lower at an approximate of forty four percent. this may be a reason as per to why water pollutions remained the key problems. According World Bank (2005) most rivers in the developing countries are fifty percent lower than the WHO standard requirement. The environmentally related diseases in developing countries are now much greater than that from malnutrition. The research as founded that most of the women and children suffered greatly from the indoor air pollution resulting to millions premature deaths every year across the less developed countries. Children and illiterate women in poor households in the developing countries suffer 4 times as much from the indoor air pollution compare to men in the higher households (Das Gupta et al. 2004). The health of human as well as that of animals is increasingly related in the developing countries when people meet animals especially when they moved out to wildlife site or into areas with intensive farming. Here wildlife acts as a mass where the pathogens come from as with avian bird flu and possible SARS and HIV/AIDS. The high rate of environmental degradation has posed the developing countries to high vulnerable risks and this will rise with rapid change in climate. The developing countries has over the past years experience range of climatic changes. Livelihoods and the social networks have adapted ways to cope with the severe natural disasters. Management and control of floods has been essential in the fishing and farming practices by poor residents of the developing countries. Despite these efforts, the natural disasters have become more frequent and severe leading causing loses of life, conflict and the destructions of properties. Environmental degradation is considered as the main cause of high rate of poverty in the less developed countries. They suffered most as they struggle adapt with this severe natural disasters. For instance, the slums residents occupied land, which is highly vulnerable to environmental hazards such as pollutions, landslides, and flood. Such areas are further aggravated by the damage to the protection assets like coastal mangrove, coral reefs and riverine wetlands which in results to high exposure to floods as seen in some countries such as Bangladesh, Siere Leon and the rest. North countries like United State, Canada, or South countries such as China and India are the some of the emitters of greenhouse gases. A part from just emitting of these gases, these countries just as the rest of other countries in the world will experience some of the greatest impacts of climate change. Already countries such as Asia face about ninety percent of the environment degradation related risks in the world and more than a half a million people died every year. Development aid investment in the developing countries has been seen vulnerable to environmental degradation. It is predicted that two degrees rise in temperature is expected in the futures and this will reduce incomes from farming by twenty five percent. The study recommends urgent need be carried out to check the rate of energy pollution from both domestic and industries and proper investment that adapt to land use, infrastructure and other structures to environmental degradation. The world economy environmental impact in the developing countries is exacerbated with its impact felt beyond the core centers of development. For instance, China is now one of the leading cement consumption countries with an increased importation of timber. This has resulted to an increased in revenues collection in the exporting countries but at the same time increasing the rate of natural depletion. Such depletion makes those areas vulnerable to environmental disasters such as high rate of pollution, landslide and climate change. Environmental degradation and Human freedom of choice and action Environmental degradation has several impacts on the way people reason and act. The most affected group are the residents from the less developed countries. Its is believed that the developed countries are the key contributors of the environmental degradation. Owing to their rich environment and level of technology, they are able to minimize the magnitude of adverse effects that result from environment degradation. The impacts of human activities on environment have rise in the past few decades. While most of these changes can be considered as beneficial to humankind, there much increase of the adverse effects. Analysis of these effects their consequences to people have not been possible because of many factors that also contributed to the change in the ecosystem. Some people particularly who are perplexed by these relative wealth, the problems is scarcely noticeable. Yet millions of other people especially from the less developed countries experience great detrimental disasters of t he environmental degradation. The environmental degradation such as pollution is now not necessary measures that can be used to gauged the linked between the human and the environment. The dependent of a person on an environment services focus directly the profound processes that underlie the origin of the earth. The environment is an essential component that extensively provides life and support to all organisms. The effects of the environmental degradation to humankind can be either direct or indirect. The direct effects through some biological or ecological ways. For example, the impairment of the water cleansing capacity of wetlands may have detrimental impacts to those who drink that water. On the other hand building of dams may increase the breeding of mosquitoes that eventuality may led to malaria related disorders. Indirect effects on the other hand create problems on humankind in a more complex causation, which includes, social, economic, and the political routes. At these situations, people normally take response in making decision, which actually could lead to a better way of adapting to these detrimental disasters. For instance, when land under cultivation become saline, the crop production are reduced and hence this might lead to malnutrition in human, retardation of the child growth, and vulnerability to infectious disorders. When this detrimental climate change exacerbate beyond the threshold power and ability, political tension might arise leading to stagnating or reduction of the country economy. This dynamic interaction can severely jeopardize the various features of humankind. The impacts of the environmental degradation vary from one place to another. The effects is much greatly felt by the developing countries, that is, literate, poorly resourced and disadvantaged societies are particularly the most vulnerable to these global climate change. Most of the less developed countries heavily relied on the integrity and functions of local ecosystems and may lack means to the services of the ecosystems. Insolvency due to the impacts of the environmental degradation might at a time cause a downward spiral for such group of people. In general, the availability of ecosystem tends to reduce human ability to achieved well being status. It is worth noting that the linkages of environment conditions and the flow of services to the social being or people are quite varied and multifaceted. Most of the environmental degradation is pre-arranged but many are unintentional consequences of the human activities. The intervention of human in nature has experienced surprised consequences, where some have harmed and exacerbated the disadvantaged one. Equitable and sustainable of the society depends on the association with the environments and abilities of a person to make sound decision and act immediately where possible to avert the problems from occurring. The four important categories of ecosystem that are helpful to human are provision, regulating, cultural and supporting services. The provision functions of the environment provide goods and services that sustain different aspects of human. However, the reduction in food, fiber and other essentials products has severe impacts in the life of humankind. The regulating functio ns affects human life in various ways, this include the environment purification of air, fresh water availability, reduced floods or drought, stability of the local and regional climate among others. On culture, the environment provides human with totemic species, trees, scenic landscape, geological functions, rivers or lakes. These affect the human recreational, educational and spiritual aspects. Reference: Brown, Lester. Redefining Security, Worldwatch Paper, Vol. 14, Worldwatch Institute: Washington, 1977. Clark, William C. and Munn, R.E. (Eds). Sustainable development of the biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Deudney, Daniel. The case against linking environmental degradation and national security. Millennium, 1990. Pearce, F. (1994). Siberia at the crossroads. Popular science, 245 (2), 36 pp ADB. Asian environment outlook, Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2005. Homer-Dixon, T.F. Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton Univ. Press: Princeton, 1999. Satterthwaite, D. and Steele, P. (eds). Reducing Poverty and Sustainin the Environment, The Politics of Local Engagement, London: Earthscan, 2005. Wheeler, D. Who suffer from Indoor Air Pollution? Evidence from Bangladesh, World Bank Policy Research working paper 3428, 2004. DFID. Climate change and Poverty: Making Development Resilient to Climate change, London: DFID, 2004. FAO. Towards a Food-secure Asia and Pacific: Regional Strategic Framework, Bangkok: FAO Asia Pacific Regional Office, 2004. Pearce, D. Investing in Environmental, wealth for Poverty Reduction. New York: UNDP, 2005. Jodha, N.S. Rural Common Property Resources: Contributions and Crisis, Economic and Political Weekly, 1990. Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. Company-community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deal to Mutual Gains? London: IIED, 2001. World Bank. Environment Strategy for the World Bank in the East Asia and Pacific Region, 2005a. UNEP. An Overview of Our Changing Environment, GEO Year Book 2004/5, Nairobi, 2004, World Bank. Little Green Data Book 2005. Washington: The World Bank, 2005b. Zhen Liu. China: the Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project, paper for the World Bank, Shanghai Conference on Poverty Reduction, 2004.

The Life Experiences of Sir Walter Raleigh

The life experiences of Sir Walter Raleigh influenced the style of his writing. The style of his writing is revealed in his poems â€Å"the lie†, â€Å"sir Walter Raleigh to the queen†, and â€Å"the nymph’s reply to the shepherd. Raleigh was born around 1552 in Hayes Barton, Devonshire (pg. 1063). Raleigh was famed for being a courtier, a navigator, a poet, and a historian. After a failed expedition in South America he was arrested in connection with destruction of a Spanish settlement (pg. 1063) with his confrontation with the Spanish in Venezuela. He lost his son and was forced to return to England (pg. 248). Despite a royal command not to engage in battle with Spanish settlers, Raleigh’s fleet entered Spanish territory (pg. 248). He was also accused of conspiring against James I and barely avoided his death sentence (pg. 1063) following the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603 Raleigh was again accused of conspiring against King James and was sent to the London tower again for 13 years (pg. 248). Raleigh served in the Huguenot army in France in 1569 (pg. 1063). In 1584 he set up a colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (pg. 48). In 1585 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I, for his many years as a court favorite (pg. 1063). He lived to 1618; his death was by execution for disobeying king James I (pg. 249). â€Å"The lie† is considered Raleigh’s best known work, it was written in approximately 1595(pg. 2251). Many consider â€Å"the lie† an atheistic poem for its many religious accusations. Though â€Å"th e lie† has such accusations they are directed solely against earthly bound institutions and human undertakings (pg. 2252). Raleigh’s poem â€Å"the lie† is based on the concept of disillusionment. This is the process that proceeds by inexorable degrees of stripping one layer of falsity after another until the last in gone (pg. 2251). The last line in each stanza of the poem is actually a variant of the phrase â€Å"and give the world the lie† (pg. 2251). Some suggest that Raleigh was not the author of â€Å"the lie† because the poem’s puritanical viewpoints (stableford). Because the poem makes no distinctions and offers no policies. The poem is less concerned with organizing human behavior but more concerned with admitting and accepting the truth (stableford). The entire piece was written for the poet himself as a way to reevaluate himself with a coldly clinical and harsh eye (stableford). During Raleigh’s time many great poets were about, such as Christopher Marlowe, who wrote the poem the passionate shepherd to his love. Many poets write poems in response to others. This poem is called a reply poem, or a poem that replies to another. Raleigh’s â€Å"the nymph’s reply to the shepherd† is one of such a poem (pg. 251). â€Å"The nymph’s reply to the shepherd† is an example of a pastoral poem, or a poem about love and a care free â€Å"country† existence. Sir Walter Raleigh to the queen† was written between 1581 and 1587 (pg. 3407). Many question whether â€Å"Sir Walter Raleigh to the queen† is really a five stanza poem, but two poems combined (MacDonald). Queen Elizabeth, literate and unmarried, enjoyed playing the clever game of love using poetry as a way to tie the nobles to h er (MacDonald). Sir Raleigh being a court favorite with numerous enemies had to constantly go between flattery and savvy gamesmanship (MacDonald). â€Å"Sir Walter Raleigh to the queen† central theme is true love is painfully silent (MacDonald). Raleigh emphasized a traditional Elizabethan view of mankind as torn between passion and logic (MacDonald). Raleigh had secretly married to one of the queen’s maids of honor; he and his wife were imprisoned in the tower of London for a time but then released (pg. 248). Though Sir Walter Raleigh’s ended in tragedy his works are still read to this day and have greatly influenced the world of poetry. From â€Å"the lie† to â€Å"Sir Walter Raleigh to the queen† all have reshaped the traditional love poem with a mix of witty rhythms and hidden love.

Analysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift

Neoclassicism Neoclassicism was a Western movement in almost every visual art form that draws inspiration from the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical means the revival of the ancients. The Neoclassical age coincided with the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and lasted into the early nineteenth century, competing alongside Romanticism. Neoclassical architecture, however, lasted from the eighteenth century through the twenty-first century. Neoclassicism originated in Rome, but quickly spread throughout all of Europe when European art students returned home from the Grand Tour in Italy with newfound knowledge of rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals. Neoclassicism soon spread to the Americas from Britain. Neoclassicism has many characteristics, but the most important three are imitating the ancients, perfectibility of humanity, and anti-gothic and baroque styles. The Neoclassical age was very influential for art and literature. One of the Neoclassical Age’s most important traits is the imitation of the ancients. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, is a story about the fictional character, Lemuel Gulliver, who embarks on multiple journeys. A series of mishaps leaves Gulliver stranded on various islands facing various challenges. Gulliver’s Travels is very similar to The Odyssey written by Homer in eighth century Greece. Both stories follow one character on his adventurous journeys. Odysseus is a Greek commander in the Trojan War.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1470 Words   |  6 Pagescapabilities. Authors like Jonathan Swift have used their works to shine a light on the similarities between humans and animals. In Part IV of Jonathan Swift’s satirical novel, Gulliver’s Travels, Swift reverses the roles of humans (represented by Yahoos) and horses (represented by Houyhnhnms). Although Swift’s novel is completely fiction and does not prove anything it shows us that there are people out there who see the characteristics shared between human and animals. When Gulliver comes across two HouyhnhnmsRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1362 Words   |  6 PagesTheme Gulliver’s Travels takes place in a part mythical, part â€Å"earthly† world. Lemmuel Gulliver is a sailor that lives in London and sets sail on various adventures that take him on many twists and turns, and even a few close encounters with death. After all these experiences Gulliver still seems to make it home after an odd turn of events. In Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift uses characterization, point of view, and figurative language to show how people should be more honest and respectful whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1774 Words   |  8 Pageseveryone has his or her own perception, one that can change and develop dependent upon everyone’s own vision. In the novel, Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, the reader will find their perception of the themes and the characters in the book drastically different in the beginning of the story than at the end. When one first lays their hands on a copy of Gulliver’s Travels, the ideas and themes they would believe to be most obvious and important would include adventure, discovery and the developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift2004 Words   |  9 Pagesscorn, derision, or ridicule. Satire can be humorous, but harsh. Jonathan Swift was a master of satire. He liked to tackle very politically charged and sensitive subjects through satire. For many years, Gulliver’s Travels has been the embodiment of pure satirical genius. It has been the standard and yardstick for almost all other satirical works. Gulliver’s Travels begins with the profile of the main character, Lemuel Gulliver. Gulliver begins as a surgeon, but finds the profession ill-fitting. HeRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels 2033 Words   |  9 Pages​Jonathan Swift was a writer known for his use of satire: the application of humor, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to expose and criticize. At a glance, the novel seems to be a travel log of Lemuel Gulliver’s adventures, but is primarily a work of satire. Through Gulliver’s Travels, Swift strives to satirize the eighteenth century humanity. Swift was titled a misanthrope, a hater of humanity, his misanthropy rose from his disappointment in mankind. Swift utilizes Gulliver in satirizing the populationRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the results may entail. The main character in Jonathan Swift’s 1726 satire Gulliver’s Travels belongs to this category. T hroughout the story it becomes increasingly apparent that Gulliver is destined to forever be an alien. The more Gulliver observes others, the more detached he is from man as his views of mankind and of himself become distorted. Despite his negative observations and changed views, he could be mankind’s wake-up call. Gulliver makes voyages to various locations where his physicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels1439 Words   |  6 PagesJonathan Swift, well-known for his stark works of satire, uses his novel Gulliver’s Travels to mock his society and culture and in doing so, he addresses the flaws in man-kind as a whole. He always tried to give his readers a different perspective on current political and social issues through the pages and chapters of his books. The people who weren’t appalled by his views happened to appreciate his plain way of speaking on actively-discussed topics. While his writing had been relatively eminentRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels 887 Words   |  4 PagesHow Jonathan Swift constructs and uses Gulliver in ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ Jonathan Swift was an English 18th century writer who supported the Monarchy and was a Royalist. He wrote this story while in a club, called ‘The Scriblerus Club’, in which there were 2 other members; Alexander Pope and John Arbuthnot. All three believed that the society they lived in was corrupt. In this story, Swift indirectly describes the many different faults with man-kind. The story is written in a satiristic style thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels ( Gt ) By Jonathan Swift Essay2283 Words   |  10 Pagesexpressed differently based on the person s experiences. This is not the case when someone has everything. Freedom becomes the opposite and people become slaves to their own thoughts. In Gulliver’s Travels (GT) by Jonathan Swift, The Known World (TKW) by Edward P. Jones, and in Remainder by Tom McCarthy, these authors demonstrate the power of the mind to enslave someone who would be seen as free based on their size, color, status, and wealth. Swift uses Gulliver, a white and knowledgeable man, to demonstrateRead MorePolitical Analysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travel Essay1806 Words   |  8 Pages Political Satire in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel Vision is the art of seeing things invisible.. -Jonathan Swift Introduction Born on November 30, 1667, Irish author, clergyman and satirist Jonathan Swift grew up fatherless. Under the care of his uncle, he received a bachelor s degree from Trinity College and then worked as a statesman s assistant. Eventually, he became dean of St. Patrick s Cathedral in Dublin. Most of his writings were published under pseudonyms. He best remembered

Southern White Supremacy and Black Civil Rights 1863-1877...

Having endured the brutality of slavery and the uncertainty of war, America’s blacks enjoyed a period of relative respite during the years 1863-1877. With slavery abolished, the South underwent reconstruction within every component of its unsteady structure. However, one must measure the success of this reconstruction with the criteria of political, social and economic changes in mind. The amendments of the 1860s gave blacks greater political freedom, but were only upheld by the military force of the Northern army; blacks developed their first education and religious institutions, but only within a segregated framework; and economically, the black population worked long, hard hours- though in†¦show more content†¦During the Reconstruction years of 1863-65, a considerable proportion of blacks occupied several Deep South governments. In Louisiana, for example, African-Americans made up 42% of the lower- and 19%- of the upper houses. However, these numbers do not accurat ely reflect the influence wielded by blacks in this period. Very few blacks held top positions, and in five Southern states no black whatsoever held a major office during reconstruction. Furthermore, one must recognise that this progression came about in an environment of intense pressure, in which any successful blacks were subject to white violence and widespread animosity. Furthermore, once in the house, the blacks found that they had far less speaking time- and thus far less influence- that their white counterparts. This was a matter of procedure: governmental power is inevitably measured by experience, of which the blacks had none- but it is important to note that the black politicians were operating in an environment that was far from equal. Thus, one can see that although blacks made considerable progress into politics, their development was cut short by white activity. Unequal influence inside- and violence outside- government ensured that the African-American politicians we re prevented from working effectively even in their limited posts. However, the fact that these people even had the remote chance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Compact Theory761 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween 1854 and 1858. Trent Affair - was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War Battle of Antietam 1862 - fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. Battle of Gettysburg 1863 - on June 24, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led his Confederate Army across the Potomac River and headed towards Pennsylvania. 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During the last years of the Civil War, as Union forces moved closer to victory and millions of former slaves became free, Americans began to think aboutRead MoreThe Democratic Party By Thomas Nast1973 Words   |  8 Pagestied down by numerous of factors, including South’s effort to re-establish slavery conditions, wavering support from the North, White Supremacy organizations, Capitalism, and most importantly, the failed Reconstruction Acts. This Is a White Man’s Government is a cartoon that was published in Harper’s Weekly, a popular cultural newspaper that advocated equality for Blacks, and was predominantly read by Northerners and Union workers. Some say that an image can speak a thousand words, this cartoon by

Western Financial System versus the East Asian Financial System Term Paper

Essays on Western Financial System versus the East Asian Financial System Term Paper The paper â€Å"Western Financial System versus the East Asian Financial System" is a thoughtful example of a term paper on finance accounting. The development of economies worldwide is based on specific criteria; these criteria can be differentiated in accordance with the local ethics and culture, the position of a country in the international community and the resources available – funds and skilled employees – for the realization of the relevant projects. The financial crisis of 2007 of 1997 was used by many people in order to prove that eastern financial systems are not as strong as initially estimated by researchers. The current paper focuses on the examination of the merits of the Eastern Financial system towards its Western rival. The studies of Goodhart and Johnson – referring to the above systems – are critically discussed. It is proved that the Eastern financial system offers higher security – compared to the Western financial system. In this context, the views included in the study of Goodhart - that is supportive towards the Eastern financial system – are verified; the views of Johnson are important – in terms of the issue under discussion – and they are critically discussed in order to have more chances to highlight all aspects of these study’s issues. Assumptions are made in regard to the merits of both these systems but also the potential superiority of one of the – reference is made to the Asian Financial system; the views published in the literature in regard to the specific subject are also used – at the level that has been considered as important for supporting the arguments stated in the paper.Western and Eastern financial model in the study of GoodhartThe views of Goodhart on the Western and Asian financial system are based on the critical examination of certain aspects of these systems; particular attention has been paid on the responses of these systems to the crisis of 1997-98 but also to the recession of the period 2007-2009 – a recession that is still in progress.Goodhart notes that the ability of the Western (called also Anglo-Saxon) financial system and the Eastern financial system to respond to the crisis need to be evaluated by referring primarily to the structure of these systems; at the next level, the effects of these systems on the national economy can be identified. It is proved that the differences in these system’s potentials against financial crises can be explained based on these systems’ elements and roles in the context of a particular social, political and economic environment.In accordance with Goodhart the main weakness of the Anglo-Saxon model is the fact that ‘stability carries within itself the seeds of future instability’ (Goodhart, p.9); in the context of the Western financial system, the above fact has led to the high exposure of banks to risk by expanding leverage (Goodhart, p. 9). Of course, the activities of all financial institutions of the Western financial system are regulated by the rules of the Basel II – however, the existence of the above legislative framework had not the result expected; because of the above text, a Western financial system. The above problem is highlighted by Goodhart who notes that ‘the adoption of the pro-cyclical combination of Basel II and mark to market accounting served to hide the fragility of the over-extended financial and banking positions both from the regulators and from the regulated’ (Goodhart, p.9). Furthermore, existing regulation of firms that operate in the financial services sector – referring to the Western financial system – is not appropriately developed – in terms of the priorities set by its rules; in this way, the non-compliance with theIn the study of Goodhart, it is made clear that the responses of the Western financial system to a financial crisis can be explai ned by referring also to this system’s macroeconomic structure; the regulation of this system has been also regarded as being responsible for this system’s failure to face the crises of 1997-1998 and 2007-2009. The macroeconomic structure of the Western financial system is characterized by the key role of the executives – the power of these individuals is extended at such a level that their decisions can be differentiated from.The Asian Financial system is considered by Goodhart to be more stable – compared to the Western Financial system; Goodhart has tried to identify the value of the Asian Financial system by examining this system’s structure but also its practical implications – as they could be identified through studying the operational practices of the banks of 4 Asian countries – Japan, China, India, and Indonesia. It was revealed that the Asian Financial system should be preferred as it has two critical advantages – co mpared to its Western rival: a) a high percentage of the local banking system is owned and controlled by the state and b) the terms of lending to individuals and firms are closely monitored by the relevant authorities – a fact leading to the increase of the credibility of Asian Financial System (Goodhart, p.6); the comparison of the two systems, the Western and the Asian ones by Goodhart leads to the assumption that both these systems have their benefits and disadvantages; in any case, the Asian Financial system seems to be suggested by Goodhart as a financial system of high, it is suggested by Goodhart that a new – unified – system could be introduced meeting the requirements of both systems (the Western and the Asia ones).The view of Simon Johnson on Western and Eastern financial model – critical analysis of the article ‘Quite Coup’In the same context with Goodhart, Johnson has tried to identify the advantages and the weaknesses of the West ern and the Eastern financial systems; his study aims to explain the terms under which countries worldwide have to ask for the support of the IMF; it is at this point that the term ‘Eastern’ takes a different meaning – compared to the one used by Goodhart. More specifically, in accordance with Johnson, the governments in Eastern countries tend to use a specific practice: to develop expensive projects which are based exclusively on that the failures in using the capital borrowed can lead to severe turbulences; in the case of Russia it is noted that the country’s entrepreneurs borrowed a significant amount of money the last 5 years aiming to increase their commercial activities; however, the recession led to severe delays in all industrial sectors; the reduction of profits led to severe pressures for the repayment of the loans; and in this way, the borrowed capital has worked as a trap for the local investors. It is implied that the terms of borrowing need t o be carefully examined each time that the external funding is required for the achievement of specific business plans. Another example of the factors that can lead to a financial crisis is the one of US; in the specific case Johnson notes that ‘elite business interests—financiers, in the case of the U.S.—played a central role in creating the crisis, making ever-larger gambles, with the implicit backing of the government’ (Johnson, 2009); again the crisis is not related with a specific financial system; the USA which is based on a Western financial model was proved unable to confront the crisis; at the next level, the expansion of the crisis has been quite rapid indicating the lack of mechanisms for protecting the market from such threats. Despite the crisis, the support of Johnson towards the Western financial model is clear; it is noted that the radical development of the financial services sector in the USA has been related with a series of factors incl uding ‘the monetary policy and relevant interest rates, the invention of securitization and credit-default swaps’ (Johnson, 2009); the above policies were appropriately structured and promoted; the financial development of the country was carefully planned – the failures related with financial products promoted by a specific team of individuals cannot be considered, in accordance to Johnson, as a key indicator regarding the potentials of the USA economy; on the contrary, in the case of eastern financial system – Johnson refers to the example of Russia – no similar basis for the development of the country’s economy seems to exist. Of course the financial policies of the two countries cannot be the same during to the geopolitical and cultural differences of the above regions; however, even under these terms, Johnson clearly supports the superiority of the Western financial system towards the Eastern financial system. At this point, Johnson is d ifferentiated from Goodhart who emphasizes the important characteristics of the Asian financial system.Western versus Eastern financial model – identification and evaluation of merits using the studies of Goodhart and Johnson and the literatureIn accordance with the studies of Goodhart and Johnson, the Western Financial System has the following merits: a) development of the financial system in a free market; this an advantage of the Western financial system highlighted by Johnson; in this market the development of commercial and financial activities is free – not controlled by an oligarch – a political system which is often identified in eastern countries in accordance with Johnson; the existence of a free market in the Western Financial system has been proved as related with risks; in fact, it was in this free market that the expansion of faulty financial products was permitted; the result was the crisis of the 2007 onwards – an extremely powerful crisis the effects of which are extremely strong compared to the effects of the crisis of 1997-1998 in Asia which did not negatively affect the global market at this level, b) regulation by specific rules the application of which can be controlled by relevant international authorities – referring to the Basel rules on the banking regulation; on the contrary in the eastern financial system no common regulatory framework can be identified among the countries that are based on the eastern (Asian) financial model; this merit of the Western Financial system is highlighted by Goodhart. However, the Basel rules and the rest of the rules regulating the financial services activities in the Western financial system are not used strictly by the individuals and firms that work on the financial services industry; in this context the existence of specific regulation cannot be actually considered as a merit of the Western Financial system – a fact also noted by Goodhart who supports the su periority of the Eastern financial model as having fewer chances to lead to crises like the one of 2007-2009.As for the Asian Financial system, its merits were highlighted in the study of Goodhart; no comments on the potential positive aspects of the Eastern Financial system were made by Johnson; using the study of Goodhart the following merits of the Eastern financial system can be identified: a) the market is not depended on the initiatives of individuals – executives; rather the state has the control of the market; this means that initiatives that could threaten the national economy are likely to be avoided in the Eastern Financial model; b) lending is not approachable by all; criteria are set ensuring the protection of the system by severe turbulences – a risk that was not avoided in the US market which was heavily depended on faulty financial products – referring mostly to the subprime products; as the repayment of loans in the US market started to present delays the pressures on the local market became extremely strong; in the Eastern financial system this risk is limited since the level of lending is closely monitored; a potential delay in the repayment of loans cannot threaten the global economy – like in the case of crisis that first appeared in the US market which is based on the Western Financial System.It is concluded that the Eastern Financial System has more advantages compared to the Western Financial System; the risks involved in the Eastern Financial System are low – compared to the risks involved in the Western Financial System. This fact is also highlighted in the literature; in accordance with Noble et al. (2000) two are the most important merits of the Eastern Financial system: ‘the security and the community’ (Noble et al., 2000, p.14); on the other hand, Henke et al. (2000, p.158) emphasize on the importance of the control of the state on the activities developed in the context of the Easte rn Financial market. Another significant advantage of the Eastern Financial model seems to be its dependency ‘on bank loans than on securities markets’ (Caprio, 1998, p.4); on the other hand, the successful ‘transition to a market economy model’ (Ariff et al., 2000, p.5) seems to be a significant advantage for the countries that are based on the Eastern Financial System; an example of such country is China which managed to effectively respond to the transition of its economy into a market-economy mode. On the other hand, Gup (2000, p.85) notes that the countries based on the Eastern Financial system are able to stabilize the performance of their economy – even against too severe turbulence in the international market – when they introduce the necessary regulatory reforms (Mishkin, 2007, p.63). The risk for corruption and the moral hazards in the Eastern Financial system should not be regarded as exclusive disadvantages of this system – as noted by Lee (1998, p.14); in the Western financial system also such phenomena are common – as proved through the current crisis. In fact, the Eastern financial system can lead to the increase of the stability of the local economy – only under the terms that measures are taken for the limitation of corruption and the introduction of appropriate regulatory rules (Hassan et al., 2004, p.40).ConclusionThe crisis of the period 2007-2009 and the previous crisis of the period 1997-1998 have been used as events indicating the failures of financial systems worldwide; the first crisis started in a market based on the Western financial system; the second crisis is related with the Eastern Financial system. It seems that both these systems have strengths and weaknesses; in the context of the modern market, the comparison of these systems – using the studies of Goodhart and Johnson and the literature – has led to the assumption that the Eastern Financial system sh ould be preferred – instead of its Western rival; the reasons on which this suggestion is based are analyzed in the previous section. The Eastern financial system is offered for higher security – due to the intervention of the state – and higher stability – due to the limitation in the loans available in the market (Siddiqui, 2008, p.57, Lastra, 2004, p.225); it has been proved that the appropriate reform of the regulatory framework of the Eastern Financial system would increase the superiority of this system towards the Western Financial system which is highly regulated but no effective mechanism exists for the control of the alignment of the investment and banking activities with the terms set by the relevant laws.

Statistical Applications Free Essays

The pie chart shows percentage among adults with diagnosed diabetes receiving treatment of insulin or oral medication. It is normally used to present the data. I believe that this was a proper graph used to present the data. We will write a custom essay sample on Statistical Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The information is clear. The data was presented in a good visual that I could recognize the patterns and trends. The colors used to differentiate type of treatment are helpful. Was this the best way to display the data? What other types of graphs could have been used? This is the most appropriate chart for this type of data presentation. The Pie chart was the best way to present and display the data. Another type of graph or chart that could have been used is the bar graph. Both are graphs showing proportion. They produce the same information just in different forms Is the scope and scale of the graph appropriate? Why or why not? The scale of the chart was appropriate for the article and how it was presented. This article was part of a journal article and the chart had to be inserted into the article so the scale was appropriate. Does the chart or graph support the findings in the article? Why or why not? The pie chart was described clearly in the article with percentage and the type of treatment. The article also unclouded the source of data, it has the credential to the reader. How to cite Statistical Applications, Papers

Martin Luther King vs. Thoreau free essay sample

Written over 114 years after Henry David Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Martin Luther King wrote his most famous essay; â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail. † In the times of Henry David Thoreau there was only one topic of politics in the United States, slavery. Many southerners wanted to keep slavery while many northerners were against it. Henry David Thoreau was a white northerner that was against slavery, and he was willing to go to jail for it. He proved that in writing his famous letter. In the letter Thoreau describes what it means to be civilly disobedient. In Thoreau’s terms, Civil Disobedience is standing up peacefully against laws you do not think are moral. He was civilly disobedient in not paying poll taxes for over six years because he knew the money was used to support slavery. Martin Luther King was a great civil rights leader that lived in the period of the Civil Rights Movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King vs. Thoreau or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page King went to jail for a peaceful march against racial hatred after he was specifically told not to march. He was put in a jail in Birmingham for eight days; this is when he wrote his famous letter in response to a letter from eight Alabama clergymen. He was arguing against racial hatred and used the effects of ethos, pathos, and logos to attain his argument. Although Thoreau is formal with his writing and uses plenty of logical reasoning to attain his point, King is more like likely t move the readers due to his ability to reach your emotional side, and his credibility as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. Thoreau was not the best with pathos, but he did do some things well with his emotional appeal. At one point in the essay, he argues that people are more worried about money and their jobs than they care about humanity. Thoreau says, â€Å"Merchants and Farmers here, who are more interested in commerce and agriculture than they are in humanity†. This line effectively reaches the emotional side due to its speaking of humanity. Overall, Thoreau is not good at involving emotional appeal in his essay. King does a fantastic job at reaching the emotional side. King talks about his family and fellow brothers and sisters being treated with pure hatred. He states, â€Å"I doubt you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its dogs sinking teeth in the unarmed, nonviolent Negroes†. He makes people realize that the police force they have been honoring may not be as good of people as most people presumed. It takes a lot of hatred for people to order attack dogs to attack a nonviolent, unarmed man, no matter what his skin tone may be; it is pure hate. King still did well in his essay with ethical appeal, but this was Thoreau’s forte. Thoreau uses ethical ideas and makes statements that really make the reader question their beliefs prior to reading his essay. â€Å"But Paley appears never to have contemplated those to which the rule of expediency does not apply, in which a people, as well as an individual must do justice, cost what it may. † This excerpt shows the need for justice no matter what the cost is, what the laws of the present time may be, but you need to do whatever is right. King uses ethical appeal well in a couple places of his essay. One of these places is where King says, â€Å"Even so I am sure that if I had lived in Germany at the time, I would have an idea†. King is proving that the hatred in the United States is so atrocious, that even if he lived in a place with equal rights among men such as Germany, the hatred would still be palpable from all the way across the world. King and Thoreau both wrote exquisite essays, but overall Kings ability to reach the emotional side wins in the end. Although Thoreau was very logical and had an outstanding ethical appeal, King reached all inner emotions altering peoples’ minds change from their hatred. In the end, both the issues of slavery and the issues of social hatred have been resolved for the most part. Slavery was the predecessor to the Civil Rights Movement, so in turn Martin Luther King could not have possibly done what he did without people like Henry David Thoreau. People like Thoreau gave slaves their freedom in the first place, which gave them the opportunity to fight for their rights; Martin Luther King heard that message loud and clear when he became the most prestigious member ever of the Civil Rights Movement.